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Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing

Introduction

Study on-demand computing resources, scalable platforms and cloud-based services.

Topic-Wise Course Outline

  • Cloud concepts, service models and deployment models
  • Distributed systems, virtualization and infrastructure
  • Cloud storage, compute and applications
  • Scaling, resource allocation, scheduling and performance
  • Cloud security, privacy, interoperability and emerging applications

Study Guidance

Begin with key concepts and clear definitions. Practise each topic using examples and independent exercises. Topic-wise MCQs, short questions and worked solutions will be added after verification.

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Practice MCQs — Set 1 (Questions 1–10)

Choose the best answer, then open the explanation to check your reasoning.

Question 1. What is Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)?

  1. Providing virtualized compute, storage and networking resources to customers
  2. Selling only packaged end-user email applications
  3. Providing only printed manuals
  4. A service limited to website design
Show correct answer and explanation

Correct answer: A. Providing virtualized compute, storage and networking resources to customers

IaaS supplies fundamental infrastructure such as virtual machines and networks. Customers usually manage operating systems and applications above that layer.

Question 2. What is Software as a Service (SaaS)?

  1. A programming language syntax
  2. An application delivered and operated for users over a network
  3. A rented CPU without an operating system
  4. A physical disk installed on-site
Show correct answer and explanation

Correct answer: B. An application delivered and operated for users over a network

SaaS provides managed applications accessed via browsers or clients. The provider generally operates the application infrastructure.

Question 3. What is elasticity in cloud computing?

  1. Permanent allocation of one fixed server
  2. The removal of all networking
  3. The ability to adjust provisioned resources with demand
  4. The guarantee that cloud costs are always zero
Show correct answer and explanation

Correct answer: C. The ability to adjust provisioned resources with demand

Elastic systems scale resources up or down as workloads change. Policies and provider limits determine how quickly capacity can be adjusted.

Question 4. How does horizontal scaling increase capacity?

  1. By reducing all CPUs to one core
  2. By adding memory only to the same instance
  3. By deleting application logs
  4. By adding more instances or nodes
Show correct answer and explanation

Correct answer: D. By adding more instances or nodes

Horizontal scaling distributes load across additional computing instances. The application may need load balancing and shared-state coordination.

Question 5. What is a virtual machine?

  1. An isolated guest system using virtualized hardware resources
  2. A web browser tab
  3. A plain-text configuration file
  4. A physical networking cable
Show correct answer and explanation

Correct answer: A. An isolated guest system using virtualized hardware resources

Virtual machines run guest operating systems using hypervisor-managed resources. Multiple guests may share one host safely under appropriate isolation.

Question 6. What is a common difference between containers and virtual machines?

  1. Containers always require a physical server each
  2. Containers often share the host OS kernel while VMs run separate guest kernels
  3. Containers never isolate processes
  4. VMs cannot run applications
Show correct answer and explanation

Correct answer: B. Containers often share the host OS kernel while VMs run separate guest kernels

OS containers usually isolate processes while sharing a kernel. Virtual machines virtualize hardware and typically run a separate guest operating system.

Question 7. Why are multiple availability zones used?

  1. To avoid encryption
  2. To eliminate application backups
  3. To spread workloads across independently engineered failure domains
  4. To guarantee that no outage can occur
Show correct answer and explanation

Correct answer: C. To spread workloads across independently engineered failure domains

Distributing resources across zones can improve fault tolerance if one zone fails. Applications still need appropriate replication and recovery design.

Question 8. What is the shared-responsibility model in cloud security?

  1. The customer has no security duties
  2. Only the customer secures physical data centers
  3. All services have identical responsibility boundaries
  4. Provider and customer divide security duties based on the service model
Show correct answer and explanation

Correct answer: D. Provider and customer divide security duties based on the service model

A provider may secure facilities and underlying infrastructure while customers manage identities, data and configurations. Responsibilities vary across IaaS, PaaS and SaaS.

Question 9. What is a cloud object-storage service designed to store?

  1. Objects addressed by keys and associated metadata
  2. Only CPU instructions
  3. Only live process registers
  4. Only physical Ethernet signals
Show correct answer and explanation

Correct answer: A. Objects addressed by keys and associated metadata

Object storage keeps data objects in buckets or similar namespaces. It is suited to files, backups and large unstructured datasets.

Question 10. What is autoscaling?

  1. Stopping all services during high load
  2. Automatically adjusting resource capacity according to defined signals or schedules
  3. Manually editing application source after each request
  4. Permanently using maximum resources
Show correct answer and explanation

Correct answer: B. Automatically adjusting resource capacity according to defined signals or schedules

Autoscaling policies add or remove capacity based on measures such as utilization or queue length. It helps match resources to changing demand.

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